antibiotics for BOILS

GENERIC NAME: tetracycline

BRAND NAME: Sumycin

DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Tetracycline is an antibiotic with a broad spectrum, that is, it is active against many different bacteria. It is effective against Hemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and many others. Tetracycline prevents growth of bacteria by preventing the bacteria to manufacture proteins that they need to survive. The first drug of the tetracycline family, chlortetracycline, was introduced in 1948.

PRESCRIPTION: Yes

GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes

PREPARATIONS: Capsules: 250 and 500mg; Oral Suspension: 125 mg/5 ml (teaspoon).

STORAGE: Tetracycline should be stored below 30 C (86 F).

PRESCRIBED FOR: Tetracycline is used for treating several types of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Some examples include infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin. It also is prescribed for nongonococcal urethritis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, chancroid, cholera, brucellosis, anthrax, syphilis, and acne. It is used in combination with other medications to treat Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria associated with ulcers and inflammation of the stomach and duodenum.

DOSING: Food reduces the absorption of tetracycline. Therefore, tetracycline should be taken at least two hours before or after meals. For most infections, tetracycline is taken two to four times daily for 7 to 14 days. The usual adult dose is 1-2 g/day in 2 or 4 divided doses.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Tetracycline should not be taken at the same time as aluminum, magnesium, or calcium-based antacids [for example, aluminum with magnesium hydroxide-oral (Mylanta, Maalox), calcium carbonate (Tums, Rolaids)]; iron supplements; bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and dairy products. These agents bind tetracycline in the intestine and reduce its absorption into the body.

Tetracycline may enhance the activity of the blood thinner, warfarin (Coumadin), and result in excessive "thinning" of the blood, necessitating a reduction in the dose of warfarin. Phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and barbiturates (such as phenobarbital) may enhance the elimination of tetracycline. Tetracycline may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

PREGNANCY: Tetracycline antibiotics can impair development of bone in the fetus. Therefore, tetracycline is not recommended during pregnancy unless there is no other appropriate antibiotic.

NURSING MOTHERS: Tetracycline is secreted into breast milk. Since tetracycline can impair the development of bone in infants, nursing mothers should not use tetracycline.

SIDE EFFECTS: Tetracycline is generally well-tolerated. The most common side effects are diarrhea or loose stools, nausea, abdominal pain, rash, and vomiting. Headache and dizziness may also occur. Tetracycline may cause discoloration of teeth if used in patients below 8 years of age. Exaggerated sunburn can occur with tetracycline (photosensitivity). Therefore, sunlight or sunlamp exposure should be minimized during treatment.  

Floxapen (flucloxacillin)

How does it work?

Floxapen capsules contain the active ingredient flucloxacillin. (NB. Flucloxacillin is also available without a brand name, ie as the generic medicine.) Flucloxacillin belongs to a group of antibiotics called penicillins. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria.

Flucloxacillin works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls. The cell walls of bacteria are vital for their survival. They keep unwanted substances from entering their cells and stop the contents of their cells from leaking out. Flucloxacillin impairs the bonds that hold the bacterial cell wall together. This allows holes to appear in the cell walls and kills the bacteria.

Flucloxacillin differs from other penicillin-type antibiotics. When bacteria become resistant to penicillin antibiotics it is because they produce an enzyme called penicillinase. This enzyme breaks down the penicillin and makes it ineffective at killing the bacteria. Flucloxacillin is not affected by this enzyme. This means it is used primarily to treat infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other penicillin-type antibiotics.

The types of infection flucloxacillin is used to treat include: infections affecting the skin and soft tissue (eg boils, cellulitis, impetigo, and infected eczema, ulcers, burns and wounds); bone infections; urinary tract infections; respiratory tract infections (eg pneumonia, sinusitis, lung abcess, pharyngitis, quinsy); meningitis; and blood poisoning (septicaemia). Flucloxacillin is also sometimes used to prevent infections during major surgery, for example bone or heart surgery.

To make sure the bacteria causing an infection are susceptible to flucloxacillin your doctor may take a tissue sample, for example a swab from the throat or skin, or a urine or blood sample.

What is it used for?

• Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissue, such as infected ulcers, wounds or burns, abscesses, boils, cellulitis, impetigo.
• Bacterial infections of the lungs and airways (respiratory tract), such as pneumonia, lung abscess.
• Bacterial ear, nose and throat infections, such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, quinsy, otitis media and otitis externa.
• Bacterial infections of bone (osteomyelitis).
• Bacterial infections of the urinary tract.
• Bacterial meningitis.
• Bacterial infections of the blood (septicaemia or blood poisoning).
• Bacterial infections of the lining of the heart or heart valves (endocarditis).
• Bacterial infections of the intestine (enteritis).
• Preventing bacterial infections during major surgery, eg heart or bone surgery.

How do I take it?

• The dose of this medicine and how long it needs to be taken for depends on the type and severity of infection you have, your age, weight and kidney function. Follow the instructions given by your doctor. These will be printed on the dispensing label that your pharmacist has put on the packet of medicine.
• Flucloxacillin is usually taken four times a day (every six hours), but follow the instructions given by your doctor. You should try to space the doses evenly throughout the day.
• Flucloxacillin should be taken on an empty stomach, which means either half an hour to an hour before food or two hours after food.
• The capsules should be swallowed with liquid.
• Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, it is important that you finish the prescribed course of this antibiotic medicine, even if you feel better or it seems the infection has cleared up. Stopping the course early increases the chance that the infection will come back and that the bacteria will grow resistant to the antibiotic.

Warning!

• Broad-spectrum antibiotics can sometimes cause inflammation of the bowel (colitis). For this reason, if you get diarrhoea that becomes severe or persistent or contains blood or mucus, either during or after taking this medicine, you should consult your doctor immediately.
• It is recommended that your kidney and liver function are monitored if you receive prolonged treatment (longer than two weeks) with this medicine.
• On very rare occasions this medicine may cause liver problems, either during treatment, or up to a few months after treatment is finished. For this reason, you should consult your doctor promptly if you experience symptoms that could suggest a liver problem either during or after taking this medicine. These symptoms might include unexplained itching, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pains, loss of appetite or flu-like symptoms, yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes (jaundice), or unusually dark urine.

Use with caution in

• Decreased liver function.
• Severely decreased kidney function.
• People over 50 years of age.
• People with serious underlying illness.
• History of allergies.

Not to be used in

• People allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin-type antibiotics.
• People with a history of liver problems or jaundice caused by previous treatment with this medicine.

This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy. If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.

• There are no known harmful effects when this medicine is used during pregnancy. However, as with all medicines, it should be used with caution during pregnancy and only if the expected benefits outweigh any potential risk. Seek further medical advice from your doctor.
• This medicine passes into breast milk in small amounts that are unlikely to be harmful to the nursing infant. However, as with all medicines it should be used with caution in breastfeeding mothers, and only if the expected benefit outweighs any possible risk. Seek further medical advice from your doctor.

Label warnings

• Take this medication an hour before food or on an empty stomach.
• Take at regular intervals. Complete the prescribed course unless otherwise directed.

Side effects

Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Just because a side effect is stated here does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.

Prolonged treatment with antibiotics can sometimes cause overgrowth of other organisms that are not susceptible to the antibiotic, for example fungi or yeasts such as Candida. This may sometimes cause infections such as thrush. Tell your doctor if you think you have developed a new infection during or after taking this antibiotic.

Common (affect between 1 in 10 and 1 in 100 people)

• Diarrhoea.
• Nausea and vomiting.

Uncommon (affect between 1 in 100 and 1 in 1000 people)

• Rash.
• Hives (urticaria).

Very rare (affect less than 1 in 10,000 people)

• Allergic reaction to active ingredient.
• Severe allergic skin reactions.
• Fever.
• Inflammation of the large intestine (pseudomembranous colitis) - see warning section above.
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).
• Inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) - see warning section above.
• Aching muscles or joints.
• Disturbance in the number of white blood cells or platelets in the blood.

The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the medicine's manufacturer. For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.

How can this medicine affect other medicines?

You should tell your doctor or pharmacist what medicines you are already taking, including those bought without a prescription and herbal medicines, before you start treatment with this medicine. Similarly, ask your doctor or pharmacist before taking any new medicines while taking this one, so they can check that the combination is safe.

In the past, women using hormonal contraception such as the pill or patch would be advised to use an extra method of contraception (eg condoms) while taking an antibiotic like this one and for seven days after finishing the course. However, this advice has now changed. You no longer need to use an extra method of contraception with the pill, patch or vaginal ring while you take a course of antibiotics. This change in advice comes because to date there is no evidence to prove that antibiotics (other than rifampicin or rifabutin) affect these contraceptives. This is the latest guidance from the Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare.

However, if you are taking the contraceptive pill and experience vomiting or diarrhoea as a result of taking this antibiotic, you should follow the instructions for vomiting and diarrhoea described in the leaflet provided with your pills.

Flucloxacillin may rarely alter the anti-blood-clotting effects of anticoagulant medicines such as warfarin. Your doctor may want to do extra tests of your blood clotting time (INR) while you are taking both medicines.

Flucloxacillin may on rare occasions decrease the removal of the medicine methotrexate from the body, which could increase the risk of its side effects. If you are taking methotrexate, your doctor may want to perform some extra checks while you are taking a course of this antibiotic. You should let your doctor know if you think you have experienced any new or increased side effects after starting this antibiotic.

Oral typhoid vaccine (Vivotif) should not be taken until at least three days after you have finished a course of this antibiotic, because the antibiotic could make this vaccine less effective.

Probenecid may increase the blood level of flucloxacillin, and people taking probenecid may be prescribed a lower dose of flucloxacillin.

GENERIC NAME: clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide gel

BRAND NAME: Benzaclin

DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Benzaclin is a combination of an antibiotic, clindamycin, and benzoyl peroxide, another drug that has antibacterial effects. Benzaclin is used topically (applied to the skin) for the treatment of acne.

GENERIC: no

PRESCRIPTION: yes

PREPARATIONS: Gel: clindamycin 1% and benzoyl peroxide 5%.

STORAGE: The gel can be stored at room temperature, up to 25°C (77 °F), for up to two months after it is dispensed by the pharmacy. Unused gel should be discarded after two months.

PRESCRIBED FOR: Benzaclin is used to treat acne.

DOSING: Benzaclin usually is applied to the lesions of acne twice daily.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: There are no known drug interactions with Benzaclin.

PREGNANCY: Although clindamycin can be used safely during pregnancy, Benzaclin has not been tested in pregnant women, and its safety for the fetus is not known.

NURSING MOTHERS: Benzaclin has not been tested among nursing women. Because orally ingested clindamycin is secreted into breast milk and may cause side effects in infants, it is preferable for nursing mothers not to use Benzaclin.

SIDE EFFECTS: In general, Benzaclin is well-tolerated. The most frequently reported side effect is dry skin, which occurs in about 1 of 8 people who use it. Other side effects include skin reactions at the site of application (1 in 30), itching (1 in 50), peeling (1 in 50), redness (1 in 100), and sunburn 1 in 100). Diarrhea, sometimes bloody, has been reported with topical clindamycin. This reaction, although quite rare, can be dangerous. Discontinuation is recommended if marked diarrhea develops.

 medicinenet.com 
netdoctor

prevention,remedies,treatments,medication and antibiotics

 

Treatments and drugs

You can generally treat small boils at home by applying warm compresses to relieve pain and promote natural drainage.

For larger boils and carbuncles, treatment usually includes draining the boil with an incision and sometimes taking antibiotics:

• Incision and drainage. Your doctor may drain a large boil or carbuncle by making a small incision in the tip. This relieves pain, speeds recovery and helps lessen scarring. Deep infections that can't be completely drained may be packed with sterile gauze so that pus can continue to drain.
• Antibiotics. Sometimes your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help heal severe or recurrent infections, or infections that may be caused by MRSA.

Alternative medicine

Tea tree oil, which is extracted from the leaves of the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), has been used for centuries as an antiseptic, antibiotic and antifungal agent. It's also used topically to treat boils, although there's no strong scientific evidence that it's beneficial.

Tea tree oil can cause allergic reactions in some people, so be sure to stop using it and tell your doctor if you have any problems with its use.

Prevention

Although it's not always possible to prevent boils, especially if you have a compromised immune system, the following measures may help you avoid staph infections:

• Wash your hands regularly with mild soap. Or, use an alcohol-based hand rub often. Careful hand washing is your best defense against germs.
• Thoroughly clean even small cuts and scrapes. Wash the wound well with soap and water and apply an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment.
• Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and abrasions clean and covered with sterile, dry bandages until they heal.
• Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, sheets, razors, clothing and athletic equipment. Staph infections can spread via objects, as well as from person to person. If you have a cut or sore, wash your towels and linens using detergent and hot water with added bleach, and dry them in a hot dryer.

There are a variety of boils treatment to choose from and here are some of them:

1. When boils are simple and young, home boils treatment is an effective method for curing. Treating them at an early stage means administering the medication as soon as the boil is noticed.Hot soaks and hot packs are popular home remedies for boils wherein one applies heat to the infected area, improving circulation and therefore allowing the body to fight the infection by circulating antibodies as well as white blood cells to stave it off. The boil can also be soaked in warm water which will encourage the pus to rise to the surface, and once it does the infected area should be washed with antibacterial soap and dried.If the infection has affected the surrounding skin, you may need to supplement your home boils treatment by administering antibiotics to the infected surrounding areas to prevent further spreading.
2. If the boil persists for a few weeks or more, contact your doctor for professional boils treatment. He may incise it and drain the pus out from the boil, which will speed up recovery and reduce pressure and pain.In some cases, the boil may occur much deeper in the skin than usual, and in this case the doctors may apply gauze to continue drainage after the incision has been done. In addition to this, antibiotics and vitamin supplements may be prescribed to complement the boils treatment especially if boils are consistently occurring. These will help to fight future infections, but if they still continue to occur you may have to undergo some tests to determine if there is a serious problem causing the consistent appearance of boils.
3. Surgery is done as a last resort boils treatment for recurring and serious cases. Surgery involved the removal of the sweat glands under the skin where infection commonly occurs. However, most cases of boils can be treated with home remedies but you should talk to your doctor as soon as you notice the frequency of its appearances.

Boils treatment are easily accessible and can be done to effectively remove boils, as long as you remember not to pop them yourself until the boils are ready.
In order to prevent the need for boils treatment and its occurrence, practice of good hygiene and frequent washing of hands with antibacterial soap will greatly reduce your chances of infection with a boil.

http://www.healthwatchcenter.com/2010/08/3-most-effective-boils-treatment/http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Disease-Conditions/DS00466.cfmhttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/boils/article_em.htm 

 

There are several different types of boils:

• Furuncle or carbuncle: This is an abscess in the skin usually caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. A furuncle can have one or more openings onto the skin and may be associated with a fever or chills. The term furuncle is used to refer to a typical boil that occurs within a hair follicle. The term carbuncle is typically used to represent a larger abscess that involves a group of hair follicles. A carbuncle can form a hardened lump that can be felt in the skin. The condition of having chronic, recurring boils is referred to as furunculosis or carbunculosis.



• Cystic acne: This is a type of abscess that is formed when oil ducts become clogged and infected. Cystic acne affects deeper skin tissue than the more superficial inflammation from common acne. Cystic acne is most common on the face and typically occurs in the teenage years.



• Hidradenitis suppurativa: This is a condition in which there are multiple abscesses that form under the armpits and often in the groin area. These areas are a result of local inflammation of the sweat glands. This form of skin infection is difficult to treat with antibiotics alone and typically requires a surgical procedure to remove the involved sweat glands in order to stop the skin inflammation.



• Pilonidal cyst: This is a unique kind of abscess that occurs in the crease of the buttocks. Pilonidal cysts often begin as tiny areas of infection in the base of the area of skin from which hair grows (the hair follicle). With irritation from direct pressure, over time the inflamed area enlarges to become a firm, painful, and tender nodule that makes it difficult to sit without discomfort. These frequently form after long trips that involve prolonged sitting.

What causes boils to form?

There are many causes of boils. Some boils can be caused by an ingrown hair. Others can form as the result of a splinter or other foreign material that has become lodged in the skin. Others boils, such as those of acne, are caused by plugged sweat glands that become infected.
The skin is an essential part of our immune defense against materials and microbes that are foreign to our body. Any break in the skin, such as a cut or scrape, can develop into an abscess should it become infected with bacteria.
http://www.medicinenet.com/boils/article.htm 

Boils

FURUNCLE

A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles. Staphylococcus is a genus of bacteria that is characterized by being round (coccus or spheroid shaped), Gram-positive, and found as either single cells, in pairs, or more frequently, in clusters that resemble a bunch of grapes. The genus name Staphylococcus is derived from Greek terms "staphyle" and "kokkos" that mean "a bunch of grapes", which is how the bacteria often appears microscopically (after Gram staining)

A boil is a skin infection that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. At first, the skin turns red in the area of the infection, and a tender lump develops. After four to seven days, the lump starts turning white as pus collects under the skin. If the infection spreads to the deeper tissues of the skin, then it becomes an abscess.

• The most common places for boils to appear are on the face, neck, armpits, shoulders, and buttocks. When one forms on the eyelid, it is called a sty.
• If several boils appear in a group, this is a more serious type of infection called a carbuncle

Signs and symptoms

Boils are bumpy red, pus-filled lumps around a hair follicle that are tender, warm, and very painful. They range from pea-sized to golf ball-sized. A yellow or white point at the center of the lump can be seen when the boil is ready to drain or discharge pus. In a severe infection, an individual may experience fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. A recurring boil is called chronic furunculosis. Skin infections tend to be recurrent in many patients and often spread to other family members. Systemic factors that lower resistance commonly are detectable, including: diabetes, obesity, and hematologic disorders.

Causes

Usually, the cause is bacteria such as staphylococci that are present on the skin. Bacterial colonization begins in the hair follicles and can cause local cellulitis and inflammation.Additionally, myiasis caused by the Tumbu fly in Africa usually presents with cutaneous furuncles. Risk factors for furunculosis include bacterial carriage in the nostrils, diabetes mellitus, obesity, lymphoproliferative neoplasms, malnutrition, and use of immunosuppressive drugs. Patients with recurrent boils are as well more likely to have a positive family history, take antibiotics, and to have been hospitalized, anemic, or diabetic; they are also more likely to have associated skin diseases and multiple lesions. 

Treatment

In contrast to common belief, boils do not need to be drained in order to heal; in fact opening the affected skin area can cause further infections. In some instances, however, draining can be encouraged by application of a cloth soaked in warm salt water. Washing and covering the furuncle with antibiotic cream or antiseptic tea tree oil and a bandage also promotes healing. Furuncles should never be squeezed or lanced without the oversight of a medical practitioner because it may spread the infection.
Furuncles at risk of leading to serious complications should be incised and drained by a medical practitioner. These include furuncles that are unusually large, last longer than two weeks, or are located in the middle of the face or near the spine.
Antibiotic therapy is advisable for large or recurrent boils or those that occur in sensitive areas (such as around or in the nostrils or in the ear). Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance easily, making treatment difficult. Knowledge of the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus is important in the selection of antimicrobials for treatment. Poor personal hygiene being common, the role of nasal S. aureus carrier may differ from communities with good hygienic practices. Staphylococcus aureus re-infection may result from contact with infected family members, contaminated fomites, or from other extra-nasal sites. This raises a suggestion to treat household contacts and close contacts if recurrence persists, because it is likely that one or more contacts are asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus. In addition to the increase in the cost of treatment in poor countries, the possibility of developing drug resistance must be considered. The most important independent predictor of recurrence is a positive family history. Boils are spread among individuals by touching or bursting a boil. Furunculosis is a common disease, particularly with deficient hygiene. A large number of S. aureus organisms are frequently present on the sheets and underclothing of patients with furunculosis and may cause re-infection of patients and infection of other members of the family.The role of iron deficiency anemia in recurrent furunculosis was demonstrated, all patients were free from recurrence during the six months follow-up period after iron supplementation. A variety of host factors, such as abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis, deficient intra-cellular killing, and immuno-deficient states are of importance in a minority of patients with recurrent furunculosis. Health education about sound personal hygiene and correction of anemia should be mandatory in management of furunculosis.It was found that recurrence was significantly associated with poor personal hygiene. A previous study reported that MRSA infection was significantly associated with poor personal hygiene. It was reported that frequent hand and body washing with water and antimicrobial soap solution decreases staphylococcus skin colonization. Previous use of antibiotics is associated with a high risk of recurrence. This may be due to the development of resistance to the antibiotics used.An associated skin disease favors recurrence. This may be attributed to the persistent colonization of abnormal skin with S. aureus strains, such as is the case in patients with atopic dermatitis.

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